Although nature of science and nature of scientific inquiry are related to each other, they are differentiated as NOS is being more related to the product of scientific inquiry which is scientific knowledge whereas NOSI is more related to the process of SI. Lederman et al. determined eight NOSI aspects for K-16 context. In this study, a science camp was conducted to teach scientific inquiry and NOSI to 24 6th and 7th graders. The core of the program was guided inquiry (...) in nature. The children working in small groups under guidance of science advisors conducted four guided-inquiries in the nature in morning sessions on nearby plants, animals, water, and soil. NOSI aspects were made explicit during and at the end of each inquiry session. Views about scientific inquiry questionnaire was applied as pre- and post-test. The results of the study showed that children developed in all eight NOSI aspects, but higher developments were observed in “scientific investigations all begin with a question” and “there is no single scientific method,” and “explanations are developed from data and what is already known” aspects. It was concluded that the science camp program was effective in teaching NOSI. (shrink)

Sadece tarihi ilgilendiriyor gibi görünen felsefenin başlangıcı problemi, şüphesiz tarihsel bir meseledir, ama aynı zamanda felsefenin kendisine de ait bir konudur, çünkü bu probleme ilişkin değerlendirmeler zorunlu olarak felsefenin doğasını açığa vurmaktadır. Felsefeyi Miletli Thales’in başlattığına ve ilk filozof olduğuna dair yerleşik bir gelenek söz konusudur; bununla birlikte, felsefe kendine özgü belirlenimler kazanıp kendini belirlemesini sağlayan belli bir gelişme sürecinin ürünüdür ve bu bakımdan birçok filozofun emeğine gerek duymuştur. Felsefe tarihinin ilk döneminde Grek filozoflar yeni başlangıçlar yapmışlar ve böylelikle felsefenin (...) yeni yönlerinin açığa çıkmasına hizmet etmişlerdir. Bu çalışmada, felsefenin sadece bir kurucusu değil kurucuları olduğunu vurgulamak üzere Thales’ten Aristoteles’e dek Grek filozofların felsefenin oluşumuna sağladıkları katkı irdelenecektir. (shrink)

A petition signed by Turkish and Kurdish intellectuals denouncing the attacks in South East of Turkey and demanding a return to peace opens up to question how this intellectual movement can be evaluated as a political action and/or a form of resistance. Here I will try to analyze it from two different aspects: 1) the role of intellectuals leading social change; 2) the form of this movement. The first aspect is associated with the relation of theory to praxis that matters (...) most. The questions are: Is the role of intellectuals in society only educative or pedagogical? Or can they also play the role of directors, organizers, and illuminators of larger groups? Regarding the second aspect, we should ask whether or not the movement led by this petition is spontaneous or organizational, which addresses us to the form of resistance. For this purpose, firstly, I will use Antonio Gramsci's theory of intellectuals. In the Prison Notebooks, Gramsci considers the problem not only as a cultural problem but as a problem directly linked to the concept of hegemony, praxis, and ideology. I will concentrate on some paragraphs in his fourth, twelfth, and eleventh Notebooks. Secondly, I will try to analyze this movement through Luxemburg’s concept of spontaneity and her understanding of consciousness especially by use of Mass Strike and Stagnation and Progress of Marxism. (shrink)

There is no single universally accepted definition of clinical ethics.Among many a definition has been proposed by La Puma as follows: "Clinical ethics is the process of identifying, analyzing and resolving moral problems of a particular patient's care. The primary goal of clinical ethics is to improve patient care with bedside assistance. Clinical ethics seeks to improve the relationship between the patient and the clinician and the relationships among patient, family and hospital."This definition has much in common with our approach (...) for the real case we wish to present. We will try to analyze and resolve this case brought by the gynecologist to us, from the point of view of medicine, ethics, and law; while considering socio-economic elements. (shrink)

Tarihin başlangıcından itibaren insan ile yaşamış olduğu mekân arasındaki ilişki ve sosyal olarak inşa ettiği bu mekândan kopuş dikkat çekici bir meseledir. Bu ilişki sadece inşa edilen sosyal mekândan kopuş ile cereyan etmemekte, mekânsal değişikliğin ardından gelinen yerdeki sosyal inşa da yeni bir ilişkinin ve sosyal değişimin kapısını aralamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, insanlığın varoluşundan itibaren temel ihtiyacı olan güvenli çevre oluşturma gayretinin toplumsal değişime ve göç olgusuna olan etkisi, günümüzde özellikle Avrupa devletlerinde klasik güvenlik anlayışının dışında Kopenhag Okulu’nun sosyal inşacı bir (...) anlayış ile ortaya koyduğu “güvenlikleştirme” yaklaşımının ana unsurları olan siyasal, ekonomik, çevresel ve toplumsal anlamda bir güvenlik tehdidi olarak ele alınmaktadır. Avrupa ülkelerinde son yıllarda politika yapıcılar, devlet dışı aktörler ve göçmenlerin varlığından rahatsız olan kitleler göçü toplumsal güvenliğin alt unsuru olan kültürel güvenliklerine bir tehdit olarak görmektedir. Güncel politikalarında ve gelecek stratejilerinde bu olguyu dikkate almışlardır. Politika yapıcıların kültürel güvenliğe ilişkin yaklaşımlarını hem literatür derlemesi hem de göç karşıtı söylemler üzerinden analiz eden bu çalışmanın temel amacı, toplumsal güvenlik içerisinde yer alan kültürel güvenlik ile göç arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmanın argümanı göçün güvenlik unsuru haline getirilmesi sürecinde kültür konusunun niçin ve nasıl ele alındığına açıklık getirmektedir. Göçmenlerin genellikle söylemsel olarak hedef ülkenin sosyal uyum, kültürel doku ve kimliğine bir tehdit olarak sunulması, devamında “yabancı istilası” olarak güvensizlik yaratan bir sosyal aktör gibi düşünülmesi; çalışmanın yöntemi olan eleştirel söylem analizinin mikro boyutu ile çıkarım yaratma aracına karşılık gelmektedir. (shrink)

Thomas Hill Green, _ Prolegomena to Ethics_, ed. David O. Brink (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004), 632 pp. _ _.

Objective: To determine cryopreservation-induced alterations in the cytoskeleton of metaphase II mouse oocytes and the implications of these alterations in functionality of the cytoskeleton and polyploidy after fertilization.Design: Comparative study.Setting: Clinical and academic research environment at a medical school teaching hospital.Intervention : Oocytes were frozen using a slow-cooling and slow-thawing protocol in 1.5 M dimethyl sulfoxide and 0.2 M sucrose and were analyzed before and after fertilization.Main Outcome Measure : Cytoskeletal alterations, fertilization, and polyploidy rates.Result : When analyzed immediately after (...) thawing, the oocytes displayed dramatic cytoskeletal alterations. Only slight recovery was observed upon removal of the cryoprotectants. However, incubation after thawing of 1 hour at 37oC completely reestablished a normal microfilament and microtubule pattern while partially restoring normal spindle morphology and chromosome alignment. Accordingly, insemination immediately after removal of cryoprotectants resulted in a significantly decreased fertilization rate and aberrant dynamics of cytoskeleton-dependent events, whereas oocytes inseminated after the post-thaw incubation displayed fertilization rates and cytoskeletal dynamics comparable to those in controls. Cryopreservation did not increase polyspermy but significantly increased digyny when the oocytes were inseminated after the post-thaw incubation. All digynic eggs displayed an abnormal spindle remnant in comparison with diploid or polyspermic eggs.Conclusion : A brief period of incubation after thawing allows recovery and positively affects fertilization and cytoskeletal dynamics. Cryopreservation does not impair the functionality of microfilaments and cytoplasmic microtubules during postfertilization events. Our findings suggest that the increased rate of digyny in cryopreserved oocytes may be related to the spindle disorganization, leading to failure in segregation of the chromosomes, rather than to direct malfunction of the microfilaments in polar body formation. (shrink)

Muharrem Hafız, Platon Felsefesinde Khora [Khôra in Plato’s Philosophy], 304 pp.

The article focuses on the concept of active power as an ability that activates the agent, who is the implementer of common sense principles in Thomas Reid's philosophy. Reid argues that the use of active power in the process of realizing the principles of common sense in action is very important for the morality of the agent. While the correct use of active power ensures the emergence of honorable and moral actions, the wrong use of this power causes the emergence (...) of evil and immorality. For this reason, Reid defines the concept of active power as a distinctive feature of humans, such as the ability to think. In addition, Reid argues that people are conscious of the existence of their active power. Thus, people are also aware of their own limits. By being aware of other people's active powers, they can regulate their moral relationships. After briefly summarizing Reid's philosophical method in the article, the relationship between common sense principles and active power, which are presented as two important components of action, is discussed. (shrink)

Many studies have been conducted on the effect of item order in self-report questionnaires on mean scores. This research aims to study the effect of item order on measurement invariance in addition to mean scores. To this end, two groups randomly obtained from the same sample were presented a fixed order form in which all items belonging to the same dimension were adjacent to each other, and a random order form in which the items were randomly sequenced respectively. The results (...) obtained revealed a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the two forms. In the next stage of the study, the fit indices obtained from the confirmatory factor analysis applied to the two separate forms and the modification indices suggested by the software were compared. Both forms returned high modification suggestions for adjacent items or items presented near each other. Additionally, it was found that high χ2 reductions suggested by the MIs in one form resulted in low χ2 reductions in the other. Lastly, multiple group CFA was conducted to determine whether or not measurement invariance was achieved through different item order presentations of the scale. The findings indicate that measurement invariance could not be achieved even at the first stage of analysis. It may specifically be stated that presenting respondents items under the same dimension together ensures empirical findings congruent with theoretical structure. (shrink)

BackgroundThe intensive care unit entails working as a team in rescuing patients from life-threatening conditions. The care being given by the team could also be done by nurses and other health professionals through the coordinated use of all medical practices.ObjectiveTo determine the opinion of nurses on the ethical problems they experienced while working as a team in the intensive care units of a university hospital.MethodThe descriptive research was conducted on nurses working in intensive care units. A 56-item data collection form (...) consisting of two parts developed by the researchers was used. Frequency and median were evaluated, and statistical calculations were used for group comparisons.ResultsOut of the 82 nurses who participated in the study, 65 were university graduates. About 52 of the participants were female with a mean age of 28.12 ± 5.84; 26 had intensive care certification, and 54 had ethical training. The internal intensive care unit nurses were less satisfied with their jobs, able to use tools, said that they had the right to refuse the patient compared to the surgical intensive care unit nurses. Discussion and conclusions: It is a positive situation for the participants to score low with ethical problems based on suggestion as the probability of meeting with their teammates. However, it is important that the problems that affect the motivation of the nurses are different according to the intensive care unit and the employees. (shrink)